Garcia mangostana , Queen of Fruits in season …Trái Măng Cụt vào mùa …


Image by Vietnam Plants & America plants
Chụp hình ở huyện Củ Chi, thành phố Hồ chí Minh, miền Nam Vietnam.

Taken in Củ Chi district, Hồ chí Minh city, South Vietnam.

Vietnamese named : Măng Cụt
Common names : Queen of Fruits ,
Scientist name : Garcinia mangostana L.
Synonyms :
Family : Clusiaceae . Họ Bứa
Kingdom:Plantae
(unranked):Angiosperms
(unranked):Eudicots
(unranked):Rosids
Order:Malpighiales
Genus:Garcinia
Species:G. mangostana

Links :

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Giá Trị Dinh Dưỡng và Dược Tính Của Măng Cụt

Dược Sĩ Trần Việt Hưng

Măng cụt, một trái cây nhiệt đới đã được giới tiêu-thụ Âu-Mỹ đánh giá là một trong những trái cây ngon nhất, Jacobus Bontius đã gọi măng cụt là ‘Hoàng hậu của các loại trái cây (Queen of fruits)’, mà nếu có dịp gặp được quả tươi thì hãy thử ngay, đừng chần chừ. Bên cạnh gíá trị dinh dưỡng cao, măng cụt còn là một nguồn cung cấp dược liệu để trị bệnh khá độc đáo, những nghiên cứu mới đã nhằm vào khả năng trị ung thư của cây.

I/ Tên khoa học và các tên thông thường:

Garcinia mangostana thuộc họ thực vật Clusiaceae (Guttifereae)

Các tên gọi khác: Mangosteen (Anh-Mỹ), Mangoustan (Pháp), Sơn Trúc Tử (Trung Hoa), Mangkhut (Thái lan)

Giống Garcinia được đặt tên để ghi nhớ nhà thực vật học Laurence Garcia, người đã sưu tập các mẫu cây cỏ và sống tại Ấn Độ vào thế kỷ 18. Mangostana và tên Anh ngữ mangosteen đều phát xuất từ tên Mã lai của cây: mangustan.

II/ Đặc tính thực vật:

Măng cụt có nguồn gốc từ Mã Lai và Indonesia, được trồng từ hàng chục thế kỷ, cây đã được Thuyền Trưởng Cook mô tả khá chi tiết từ năm 1770, và được đưa đến Sri Lanka vào năm 1800, được trồng tại Anh trong các nhà kiếng (green house) từ 1855, sau đó đưa đến West Indies từ giữa thế kỷ 19. Đây là một loại cây đòi hỏi điều kiện thổ nhưỡng khắt khe cần khí hậu nóng và ẩm, cây tăng trưởng rất chậm, sau 2-3 năm cây chỉ cao đến đầu gối, chỉ bắt đầu cho quả sau 10-15 năm.. Cây đã được các nhà truyền giáo du nhập vào Nam Việt Nam từ lâu, trồng nhiều nhất tại Lái Thiêu, Thủ Dầu Một. Việt Nam đã có lúc là nơi có những vườn măng cụt lớn nhất thế giới, với những vườn rộng hàng chục mẫu, có hàng ngàn cây, mỗi cây cho được từ 700 đến 900 quả. Cây hiện được trồng nhiều tại Thái Lan, Kampuchea, Myanmar (Miến điện), Sri Lanka và Philippines.

Hiện có khoảng 100 loài khác nhau được nuôi trồng.

Măng cụt thuộc loại cây to, trung bình 7-12 m nhưng có thể cao đến 20- 25 m, thân có vỏ màu nâu đen xậm, có nhựa (resin) màu vàng. Lá dày và cứng, bóng, mọc đối, mặt trên của lá có màu xậm hơn mặt dưới, hình thuôn dài 15-25 cm, rộng 6-11 cm, cuống dài 1.2-2.5 cm. Hoa đa tính thường là hoa cái và hoa lưỡng tính. Hoa mọc đơn độc hay từng đôi. Hoa loại lưỡng tính màu trắng hay hồng nhạt, có 4 lá đài và 4 cánh hoa, có 16-17 nhị và bầu noãn có 5-8 ô. Quả hình cầu tròn, đường kính chừng 4-7 cm, có mang đài hoa còn tồn tại; vỏ quả màu đỏ nâu, dai và xốp. Quả chứa 5-8 hạt: quanh hạt có lớp áo bọc màu trắng có vị ngọt, thơm và khá ngon. Cây trổ hoa vào tháng 2-5, ra quả trong các tháng 5-8.
(giống Garcinia còn gồm một số cây tương cận, đa số mọc trong vùng Đông Ấn = West Indies, trong đó có thể kể Garcinia cambogia hay Bứa, Garcinia cowa cung cấp quả Cowa-Mangosteen lớn hơn và có khía màu vàng apricot, vị chua; Garcinia indica hay Cocum = Conca cho quả chua, áo hạt màu tím, dùng làm giấm, hạt ép lấy dầu.)

III/ Thành phần dinh dưỡng:

100 gram phần ăn được (quả tươi) chứa
- Calories 60-63
- Chất đạm 0.5-0.60 g
- Chất béo 0.1-0.60 g
- Chất carbohydrates 10-14.7 g
- Chất sơ 5.0-5.10 g
- Calcium 0.01- 8 mg
- Sắt 0.20- 0.80 mg
- Phosphorus 0.02- 12.0 mg
- Thiamine (B1) 0.03 mg
- Vitamin C 1-2 mg
(ngoài ra còn có Potassium, Niacin…)

Quả măng cụt thường được ăn tươi, khía quanh quả, bẻ đôi theo đường khía, để ăn các múi trắng, bỏ hột trong, có vị ngọt, mọng nước. Tại đảo Sulu có giống măng cụt vị hơi chua, được dùng làm mứt trộn với đường thô. Tại Mã Lai, quả chưa chín hẳn được dùng làm mứt halwa manggis.

Măng cụt rất mau hư, có thể giữ 2-3 ngày ở nhiệt độ bình thường, khoảng 1 tuần trong tủ lạnh nhưng không thể giữ trong tủ đông lạnh (freezer)

IV/ Thành phần hóa học:

Thành phần hóa học thay đổi tùy theo bộ phận:
- Lá chứa nhiều xanthones loại di và tri hydroxy-methoxy (methyl, butyl…)
- Gỗ thân có maclurin, 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy xanthone và xanthone-glucosides.
- Vỏ quả: có chrysanthemin, tannins (7-13 %), các hợp chất đắng loại xanthones như mangostin (gồm cả 3-isomangostin, 3-isomangostin hydrate, 1-iso mangostin, alpha và beta mangostin, gamma-mangostin, nor-mangostin…), garcinones A, B, C; kolanone; các xanthones như BR-xanthone-A, -B.
- Áo hạt: calabaxanthone, demethyl calabaxanthone, mangostin.
- Nhựa: chứa xanthones có những hoạt tính kháng sinh, chống sưng và kháng nấm, đặc biệt là một hợp chất loại biphenyl geranylated (Natural Products Tháng 4-2005)

V/ Dược tính:

1- Y dược dân gian:

- Tại Thái Lan: Vỏ măng cụt khô được dùng để trị tiêu chảy, chữa vết thương. Để trị tiêu chảy, vỏ khô được nấu với nước vôi, chắt lấy nước để uống.

- Tại Việt Nam: Vỏ quả được sắc dùng uống để trị tiêu chảy, kiết lỵ; Nước sắc được dùng để rửa vệ sinh phụ nữ.

- Tại Ấn Độ: Cây được gọi là mangustan, vỏ để trị tiêu chảy. Lá nấu để xúc miệng, trị lở trong miệng.

2- Các nghiên cứu dược học về măng cụt: (theo Thai Medicinal Plants)

- Tác dụng ức nén hệ thần kinh trung ương: Mangostin, một hợp chất loại xanthone và các chất chuyển hóa tạo ra nhưng phản ứng ức chế thần kinh trung ương gây các triệu chứng như sụp mi mắt (ptosis), dịu đau, giảm hoạt động của thần kinh vận động, tăng cường hoạt tính gây ngủ và gây mê của pentobarbital.

- Tác dụng trên hệ tim mạch: Mangostin-3, 6-di-O-glucoside tạo ra các hiệu ứng rõ rệt trên hệ tim mạch của ếch và chó: Gây kích thích cơ tim, tăng huyết áp nơi thú vật thử nghiệm. Cả hai tác dụng này đều bị ức chế một phần bởi propranolol.

- Tác dụng chống sưng, viêm: Mangostin, 1-isomanfostin và mangos tin triacetate có những hoạt tính chống sưng khi dùng chích qua màng phúc mô hay khi cho uống nơi chuột bị gây phù chân bằng carrageenan, hay bằng cấy cục bông gòn dưới da..Các chất này không có hiệu ứng ổn định màng tế bào. Các hoạt tính chống viêm này được giải thích là do ở ức chế hoạt động của men IKK (inhibitor kappaB kinase) do đó ngăn được sự chuyển mã (transcription) gen COX-2 và gây giảm bài tiết PGE(2) là tác nhân chính trong tiến trình gây sưng. (Molecular Pharmacology Tháng 9-2004). Gamma-mangostin, một xanthone loại tetraoxygenated diprenylated, có hoạt tính ức chế tương tranh hoạt động của cả COX-1 lẫn COX-2 ở liều IC50=0.8 và 2 micro M (Biochemistry Pharmacology Tháng 1/2002)

- Tác dụng chống ung loét bao tử: Mangostin có hoạt tính chống ung loét khi thử trên chuột.

- Hoạt tính kháng sinh: Có nhiều nghiên cứu ghi nhận khả năng kháng sinh của vỏ măng cụt. Các vi khuẩn thử nghiệm thuộc nhóm gây kiết lỵ như shigella dysenteriae, sh. flexneri, sh. sonnei và sh. boydii hoặc thuộc nhóm gây tiêu chảy như escherichia coli, streptococcus feacalis, vibryo cholerae. Hỗn hợp thô 5 loại xanthones, trích từ vỏ măng cụt (mangostin, beta-mangostin, gamma-mangostin, gartanin và 8-deoxygartanin) có tác dụng ức chế sự tăng trưởng của s.aureus.

Mangostin ức chế S. aureus (cả chủng bình thường lẫn chủng kháng penicillin ở nồng độ tối thiểu (MIC=Minimal inhibitory concentration là 7.8 mg/ml. Alpha, beta-mangostin và Garcinone B có tác dụng ức chế sự tăng trưởng của Mycobacterium tuberculosis ở nồng độ MIC= 6.25 mcg/ml. Dịch chiết vỏ măng cụt bằng ethanol có tiềm năng ức chế được protease của HIV-1. Hoạt tính này được xác định là do mangostin (IC50=5.12 +/- 0.41 microM) và gamma-mangostin (IC50= 4.81 +/- 0.32 microM) (Planta Medica Tháng 8-1996)

- Hoạt tính kháng nấm: Mangostin kháng được trichophyton menta grophytes, microsporum gypseum và epidermophyton floccosum ở nồng độ 1 mg/ml nhưng không tác dụng trên candida albicans. Nghiên cứu tại Trung Tâm Nghiên Cứu Nông Nghiệp Madras (Ấn độ) ghi nhận xanthones trích từ vỏ măng cụt có hoạt tính chống các loại nấm gây bệnh fusarium oxysporum vasinfectum, alternaria tenuis và dreschlera oryzae.

- Tác dụng diệt cá: Dịch chiết bằng nước vỏ măng cụt cho thấy có tác dụng diệt cá rô phi (Tilapia = Oreochromis niloticus) ở nồng độ 1,000 ppm.

- Hoạt tính chống ung thư: Có khá nhiều nghiên cứu về tác dụng của các xanthone trích từ vỏ măng cụt trên các tế bào ung thư:

- Nghiên cứu tại Veterans General Hospital, Đài Bắc (Trung Hoa Dân quốc) ghi nhận Garcinone E, một chất chuyển hóa xanthone trích từ vỏ măng cụt có hoạt tính diệt bào trên tế bào ung thư gan loại hepatocellular carcinomas, ung thư ruột và ung thư phổi (Planta Medica Số 11-2002).

- Nghiên cứu tại Bộ môn Sinh học về Dược Phân tử tại ĐH Dược Tohoku (Nhật) ghi nhận các xanthones trong vỏ măng cụt một số hoạt tính gây apoptosis (tiến trình tế bào được mã hóa để tự hủy diệt) trên các tế bào ung thư loại pheochromocytoma nơi chuột: Alpha-mangostin được cho là có khả năng ức chế được men Ca(2+)-ATPase là men gây ra apoptosis qua các lộ trình nơi mitochondria (Journal of Pharmacology Sciences (Tháng 5/2004)

- Nghiên cứu tại Bộ Môn Vi trùng Học, ĐH Dược Khoa, Viện ĐH Mahidol (Bangkok-Thai Lan) cho thấy dịch chiết vỏ măng cụt bằng methanol có hoạt tính khá mạnh ngăn chặn được sự phát triển, có tiềm lực oxy hóa mạnh, và gây apoptosis nơi tế bào ung thư vú của người (loại SKBR3) (Jourmnal of Ethnopharmacology Tháng 1/2004)

- Nghiên cứu tại Trường Y Khoa, ĐH Ryukyus (Okinawa-Nhật) cho thấy alpha-mangostin thô có tiềm lực ức chế được sự tăng trưởng, phát triển của các tế bào ung thư ruột loại ‘preneoplastic’ nơi chuột thử nghiệm (Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Tháng 10/2004)

- Nghiên cứu tại Viện Kỹ thuật Sinh Học Gifu (Nhật) ghi nhận càc xanthone trích từ vỏ măng cụt, nhất là alpha-mangostin, có tác dụng ức chế được sự tăng trưởng của tế bào ung thư máu nơi người (dòng tế bào ung thư HL60). Liều ức chế hoàn toàn là 10 microM (Journal of Natural Products Tháng 8/2003)

Tài liệu sử dụng:
•Thai Medicinal Plants (Norman Farnsworth & Nunthavan Buniapra phatsara).
•Từ điển Cây thuốc Việ Nam (Võ văn Chi)
•Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onstad)
•The Oxford Companion to Food (Alain Davidson)

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One of the most praised of tropical fruits, and certainly the most esteemed fruit in the family Guttiferae, the mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L., is almost universally known or heard of by this name. There are numerous variations in nomenclature: among Spanish-speaking people, it is called mangostan; to the French, it is mangostanier, mangoustanier, mangouste or mangostier; in Portuguese, it is mangostao, mangosta or mangusta; in Dutch, it is manggis or manggistan; in Vietnamese, mang cut; in Malaya, it may be referred to in any of these languages or by the local terms, mesetor, semetah, or sementah; in the Philippines, it is mangis or mangostan. Throughout the Malay Archipelago, there are many different spellings of names similar to most of the above.

Plate XLI: MANGOSTEEN, Garcinia mangostana—Painted by Dr. M.J. Dijkman Description

The mangosteen tree is very slow-growing, erect, with a pyramidal crown; attains 20 to 82 ft (6-25 m) in height, has dark-brown or nearly black, flaking bark, the inner bark containing much yellow, gummy, bitter latex. The evergreen, opposite, short-stalked leaves are ovate-oblong or elliptic, leathery and thick, dark-green, slightly glossy above, yellowish-green and dull beneath; 3 1/2 to 10 in (9-25 cm) long, 1 3/4 to 4 in (4.5-10 cm) wide, with conspicuous, pale midrib. New leaves are rosy. Flowers, 1 1/2 to 2 in (4-5 cm) wide and fleshy, may be male or hermaphrodite on the same tree. The former are in clusters of 3-9 at the branch tips; there are 4 sepals and 4 ovate, thick, fleshy petals, green with red spots on the outside, yellowish-red inside, and many stamens though the aborted anthers bear no pollen. The hermaphrodite are borne singly or in pairs at the tips of young branchlets; their petals may be yellowish-green edged with red or mostly red, and are quickly shed.

The fruit, capped by the prominent calyx at the stem end and with 4 to 8 triangular, flat remnants of the stigma in a rosette at the apex, is round, dark-purple to red-purple and smooth externally; 1 1/3 to 3 in (3.4-7.5 cm) in diameter. The rind is 1/4 to 3/8 in (6-10 mm) thick, red in cross-section, purplish-white on the inside. It contains bitter yellow latex and a purple, staining juice. There are 4 to 8 triangular segments of snow-white, juicy, soft flesh (actually the arils of the seeds). The fruit may be seedless or have 1 to 5 fully developed seeds, ovoid-oblong, somewhat flattened, 1 in (2.5 cm) long and 5/8 in (1.6 cm) wide, that cling to the flesh. The flesh is slightly acid and mild to distinctly acid in flavor and is acclaimed as exquisitely luscious and delicious.

Origin and Distribution

The place of origin of the mangosteen is unknown but is believed to be the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas; still, there are wild trees in the forests of Kemaman, Malaya. Corner suggests that the tree may have been first domesticated in Thailand, or Burma. It is much cultivated in Thailand–where there were 9,700 acres (4,000 ha) in 1965–also in Kampuchea, southern Vietnam and Burma, throughout Malaya and Singapore. The tree was planted in Ceylon about 1800 and in India in 1881. There it succeeds in 4 limited areas–the Nilgiri Hills, the Tinnevelly district of southern Madras, the Kanya-kumani district at the southernmost tip of the Madras peninsula, and in Kerala State in southwestern India. The tree is fairly common only in the provinces of Mindanao and Sulu (or Jolo) in the Philippines. It is rare in Queensland, where it has been tried many times since 1854, and poorly represented in tropical Africa (Zanzibar, Ghana, Gabon and Liberia). There were fruiting trees in greenhouses in England in 1855. The mangosteen was introduced into Trinidad from the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew, England, between 1850 and 1860 and the first fruit was borne in 1875. It reached the Panama Canal Zone and Puerto Rico in 1903 but there are only a few trees in these areas, in Jamaica, Dominica and Cuba, and some scattered around other parts of the West Indies. The United States Department of Agriculture received seeds from Java in 1906 (S.P.I. #17146). A large test block of productive trees has been maintained at the Lancetilla Experimental Station at Tela, Honduras, for many years. Quite a few trees distributed by the United Fruit Company long ago have done well on the Atlantic coast of Guatemala. In 1924, Dr. Wilson Popenoe saw the mangosteen growing at one site in Ecuador. In 1939, 15,000 seeds were distributed by the Canal Zone Experiment Gardens to many areas of tropical America. It is probable that only a relatively few seedlings survived. It is known that many die during the first year. Dr. Victor Patiño has observed flourishing mangosteen trees at the site of an old mining settlement in Mariquita, Colombia, in the Magdalena Valley and the fruits are sold on local markets. Dierberger Agricola Ltda., of Sao Paulo, included the mangosteen in their nursery catalog in 1949.

Despite early trials in Hawaii, the tree has not become well acclimatized and is still rare in those islands. Neither has it been successful in California. It encounters very unfavorable soil and climate in Florida. Some plants have been grown for a time in containers in greenhouses. One tree in a very protected coastal location and special soil lived to produce a single fruit and then succumbed to winter cold.

Despite the oft-repeated Old World enthusiasm for this fruit, it is not always viewed as worth the trouble to produce. In Jamaica, it is regarded as nice but overrated; not comparable to a good field-ripe pineapple or a choice mango.

Varieties

According to Corner, the fruit from seedling trees is fairly uniform; only one distinct variation is known and that is in the Sulu Islands. The fruit is larger, the rind thicker than normal, and the flesh more acid; the flavor more pronounced. In North Borneo, a seemingly wild form has only 4 carpels, each containing a fully-developed seed, and this is probably not unique.

Climate

The mangosteen is ultra-tropical. It cannot tolerate temperatures below 40º F (4.44º C), nor above 100º F (37.78º C). Nursery seedlings are killed at 45º F (7.22º C).

It is limited in Malaya to elevations below 1,500 ft (450 m). In Madras it grows from 250 to 5,000 ft (76-1,500 m) above sea-level. Attempts to establish it north of 200 latitude have all failed.

It ordinarily requires high atmospheric humidity and an annual rainfall of at least 50 in (127 cm), and no long periods of drought. In Dominica, mangosteens growing in an area having 80 in (200 cm) of rain yearly required special care, but those in another locality with 105 in (255 cm) and soil with better moisture- holding capacity, flourished.

Soil

The tree is not adapted to limestone and does best in deep, rich organic soil, especially sandy loam or laterite. In India, the most productive specimens are on clay containing much coarse material and a little silt. Sandy alluvial soils are unsuitable and sand low in humus contributes to low yields. The tree needs good drainage and the water table ought to be about 6 ft (1.8 m) below ground level. However, in the Canal Zone, productive mangosteen groves have been established where it is too wet for other fruit trees–in swamps requiring drainage ditches between rows and in situations where the roots were bathed with flowing water most of the year, in spite of the fact that standing water in nursery beds will kill seedlings. The mangosteen must be sheltered from strong winds and salt spray, as well as saline soil or water.

Propagation

Technically, the so-called "seeds" are not true seeds but adventitious embryos, or hypocotyl tubercles, inasmuch as there has been no sexual fertilization. When growth begins, a shoot emerges from one end of the seed and a root from the other end. But this root is short-lived and is replaced by roots which develop at the base of the shoot. The process of reproduction being vegetative, there is naturally little variation in the resulting trees and their fruits. Some of the seeds are polyembryonic, producing more than one shoot. The individual nucellar embryos can be separated, if desired, before planting.

Inasmuch as the percentage of germination is directly related to the weight of the seed, only plump, fully developed seeds should be chosen for planting. Even these will lose viability in 5 days after removal from the fruit, though they are viable for 3 to 5 weeks in the fruit. Seeds packed in lightly dampened peat moss, sphagnum moss or coconut fiber in airtight containers have remained viable for 3 months. Only 22% germination has been realized in seeds packed in ground charcoal for 15 days. Soaking in water for 24 hours expedites and enhances the rate of germination. Generally, sprouting occurs in 20 to 22 days and is complete in 43 days.

Because of the long, delicate taproot and poor lateral root development, transplanting is notoriously difficult. It must not be attempted after the plants reach 2 ft (60 cm). At that time the depth of the taproot may exceed that height. There is greater seedling survival if seeds are planted directly in the nursery row than if first grown in containers and then transplanted to the nursery. The nursery soil should be 3 ft (1 m) deep, at least. The young plants take 2 years or more to reach a height of 12 in (30 cm), when they can be taken up with a deep ball of earth and set out. Fruiting may take place in 7 to 9 years from planting but usually not for 10 or even 20 years.

Conventional vegetative propagation of the mangosteen is difficult. Various methods of grafting have failed. Cuttings and air-layers, with or without growth-promoting chemicals, usually fail to root or result in deformed, short-lived plants. Inarching on different rootstocks has appeared promising at first but later incompatibility has been evident with all except G. xanthochymus Hook. f. (G tinctoria Dunn.) or G. lateriflora Bl., now commonly employed in the Philippines.

In Florida, approach-grafting has succeeded only by planting a seed of G. xanthochymus about 1 1/4 in (3 cm) from the base of a mangosteen seedling in a container and, when the stem of the G. xanthochymus seedling has become 1/8 in (3 mm) thick, joining it onto the 3/16 to 1/4 in (5-6 mm) thick stem of the mangosteen at a point about 4 in (10 cm) above the soil. When the graft has healed, the G. xanthochymus seedling is beheaded. The mangosteen will make good progress having both root systems to grow on, while the G. xanthochymus rootstock will develop very little.

Culture

A spacing of 35 to 40 ft (10.7-12 m) is recommended. Planting is preferably done at the beginning of the rainy season. Pits 4 x 4 x 4 1/2 ft (1.2 x l.2 x l.3 m) are prepared at least 30 days in advance, enriched with organic matter and topsoil and left to weather. The young tree is put in place very carefully so as not to injure the root and given a heavy watering. Partial shading with palm fronds or by other means should be maintained for 3 to 5 years. Indian growers give each tree regular feeding with well-rotted manure–100 to 200 lbs (45-90 kg)–and peanut meal–10 to 15 lbs (4.5-6.8 kg) total, per year.

Some of the most fruitful mangosteen trees are growing on the banks of streams, lakes, ponds or canals where the roots are almost constantly wet. However, dry weather just before blooming time and during flowering induces a good fruit-set. Where a moist planting site is not available, irrigation ditches should be dug to make it possible to maintain an adequate water supply and the trees are irrigated almost daily during the dry season.

In Malaya and Ceylon, it is a common practice to spread a mulch of coconut husks or fronds to retain moisture. A 16-in (40-cm) mulch of grass restored trees that had begun dehydrating in Liberia. It has been suggested that small inner branches be pruned from old, unproductive trees to stimulate bearing. In Thailand, the tree is said to take 12 to 20 years to fruit. In Panama and Puerto Rico trees grown from large seed and given good culture have borne in six years.

Season and Harvesting

At low altitudes in Ceylon the fruit ripens from May to July; at higher elevations, in July and August or August and September. In India, there are 2 distinct fruiting seasons, one in the monsoon period (July-October) and another from April through June. Puerto Rican trees in full sun fruit in July and August; shaded trees, in November and December.

Cropping is irregular and the yield varies from tree to tree and from season to season. The first crop may be 200 to 300 fruits. Average yield of a full-grown tree is about 500 fruits. The yield steadily increases up to the 30th year of bearing when crops of 1,000 to 2,000 fruits may be obtained. In Madras, individual trees between the ages of 20 and 45 years have borne 2,000 to 3,000 fruits. Productivity gradually declines thereafter, though the tree will still be fruiting at 100 years of age.

Ripeness is gauged by the full development of color and slight softening. Picking may be done when the fruits are slightly underripe but they must be fully mature (developed) or they will not ripen after picking. The fruits must be harvested by hand from ladders or by means of a cutting pole and not be allowed to fall.

Keeping Quality

In dry, warm, closed storage, mangosteens can be held 20 to 25 days. Longer periods cause the outer skin to toughen and the rind to become rubbery; later, the rind hardens and becomes difficult to open and the flesh turns dry.

Ripe mangosteens keep well for 3 to 4 weeks in storage at 40º to 55º F (4.44º-12.78º C). Trials in India have shown that optimum conditions for cold storage are temperatures of 39º to 42º F (3.89º-5.56º C) and relative humidity of 85 to 90%, which maintain quality for 49 days. It is recommended that the fruits be wrapped in tissue paper and packed 25-to-the-box in light wooden crates with excelsior padding. Fruits picked slightly unripe have been shipped from Burma to the United Kingdom at 50º to 55º F (10º-12.78º C). From 1927 to 1929, trial shipments were made from Java to Holland at 37.4º F (approximately 2.38º C) and the fruits kept in good condition for 24 days.

Pests and Diseases

Few pests have been reported. A leaf-eating caterpillar in India may perhaps be the same as that which attacks new shoots in the Philippines and which has been identified as Orgyra sp. of the tussock moth family, Lymantridae. A small ant, Myrnelachista ramulorum, in Puerto Rico, colonizes the tree, tunnels into the trunk and branches, and damages the new growth. Mites sometimes deface the fruits with small bites and scratches. Fully ripe fruits are attacked by monkeys, bats and rats in Asia.

In Puerto Rico, thread blight caused by the fungus, Pellicularia koleroga, is often seen on branchlets, foliage and fruits of trees in shaded, humid areas. The fruits may become coated with webbing and ruined. In Malaya, the fungus, Zignoella garcineae, gives rise to "canker"–tuberous growths on the branches, causing a fatal dying-back of foliage, branches and eventually the entire tree. Breakdown in storage is caused by the fungi Diplodia gossypina, Pestalotia sp., Phomopsis sp., Gloeosporium sp., and Rhizopus nigricans.

A major physiological problem called "gamboge" is evidenced by the oozing of latex onto the outer surface of the fruits and on the branches during periods of heavy and continuous rains. It does not affect eating quality. Fruit-cracking may occur because of excessive absorption of moisture. In cracked fruits the flesh will be swollen and mushy. Bruising caused by the force of storms may be an important factor in both of these abnormalities. Fruits exposed to strong sun may also exude latex. Mangosteens produced in Honduras often have crystal-like "stones" in the flesh and they may render the fruit completely inedible.

Food Uses

To select the best table fruits, choose those with the highest number of stigma lobes at the apex, for these have the highest number of fleshy segments and accordingly the fewest seeds. The numbers always correspond. Mangosteens are usually eaten fresh as dessert. One need only hold the fruit with the stem-end downward, take a sharp knife and cut around the middle completely through the rind, and lift off the top half, which leaves the fleshy segments exposed in the colorful "cup"–the bottom half of the rind. The segments are lifted out by fork.

The fleshy segments are sometimes canned, but they are said to lose their delicate flavor in canning, especially if pasteurized for as much as 10 minutes. Tests have shown that it is best to use a 40% sirup and sterilize for only 5 minutes. The more acid fruits are best for preserving. To make jam, in Malaya, seedless segments are boiled with an equal amount of sugar and a few cloves for 15 to 20 minutes and then put into glass jars. In the Philippines, a preserve is made by simply boiling the segments in brown sugar, and the seeds may be included to enrich the flavor.

The seeds are sometimes eaten alone after boiling or roasting.

The rind is rich in pectin. After treatment with 6% sodium chloride to eliminate astringency, the rind is made into a purplish jelly.

Food Value Per 100 g of Edible Portion*
Calories60-63
Moisture80.2-84.9 g
Protein0.50-0.60 g
Fat0.1-0.6 g
Total Carbohydrates14.3-15.6 g
Total Sugars16.42-16.82 g
(sucrose, glucose and fructose)
Fiber5.0-5.1 g
Ash0.2-0.23 g
Calcium0.01-8.0 mg
Phosphorus0.02-12.0 mg
Iron0.20-0.80 mg
Thiamine0.03 mg
Ascorbic Acid1.0-2.0 mg
*Minimum/maximum values from analyses made in the Philippines and Washington, D.C.

Phytin (an organic phosphorus compound) constitutes up to 0.68% on a dry-weight basis. The flesh amounts to 31% of the whole fruit.

Other Uses

Mangosteen twigs are used as chewsticks in Ghana. The fruit rind contains 7 to 14% catechin tannin and rosin, and is used for tanning leather in China. It also yields a black dye.

Wood: In Thailand, all non-bearing trees are felled, so the wood is available but usually only in small dimensions. It is dark-brown, heavy, almost sinks in water, and is moderately durable. It has been used to make handles for spears, also rice pounders, and is employed in construction and cabinetwork.

Medicinal Uses: Dried fruits are shipped from Singapore to Calcutta and to China for medicinal use. The sliced and dried rind is powdered and administered to overcome dysentery. Made into an ointment, it is applied on eczema and other skin disorders. The rind decoction is taken to relieve diarrhea and cystitis, gonorrhea and gleet and is applied externally as an astringent lotion. A portion of the rind is steeped in water overnight and the infusion given as a remedy for chronic diarrhea in adults and children. Filipinos employ a decoction of the leaves and bark as a febrifuge and to treat thrush, diarrhea, dysentery and urinary disorders. In Malaya, an infusion of the leaves, combined with unripe banana and a little benzoin is applied to the wound of circumcision. A root decoction is taken to regulate menstruation. A bark extract called "amibiasine", has been marketed for the treatment of amoebic dysentery.

The rind of partially ripe fruits yields a polyhydroxy-xanthone derivative termed mangostin, also ß-mangostin. That of fully ripe fruits contains the xanthones, gartanin, 8-disoxygartanin, and normangostin. A derivative of mangostin, mangostin-e, 6-di-O-glucoside, is a central nervous system depressant and causes a rise in blood pressure.

**** www.stuartxchange.org/Mangosteen.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_mangosteen
www.tropilab.com/gar-man.html
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18725264

Leaves of Garcia mangostana , Queen of Fruits …Lá Măng Cụt….


Image by Vietnam Plants & America plants
Chụp hình ở huyện Củ Chi, thành phố Hồ chí Minh, miền Nam Vietnam.

Taken in Củ Chi district, Hồ chí Minh city, South Vietnam.

Vietnamese named : Măng Cụt
Common names : Queen of Fruits ,
Scientist name : Garcinia mangostana L.
Synonyms :
Family : Clusiaceae . Họ Bứa
Kingdom:Plantae
(unranked):Angiosperms
(unranked):Eudicots
(unranked):Rosids
Order:Malpighiales
Genus:Garcinia
Species:G. mangostana

Links :

**** tvvn.org/forum/showwiki.php?title=Chapter:M%C4%83ng_C%E1%…

Giá Trị Dinh Dưỡng và Dược Tính Của Măng Cụt

Dược Sĩ Trần Việt Hưng

Măng cụt, một trái cây nhiệt đới đã được giới tiêu-thụ Âu-Mỹ đánh giá là một trong những trái cây ngon nhất, Jacobus Bontius đã gọi măng cụt là ‘Hoàng hậu của các loại trái cây (Queen of fruits)’, mà nếu có dịp gặp được quả tươi thì hãy thử ngay, đừng chần chừ. Bên cạnh gíá trị dinh dưỡng cao, măng cụt còn là một nguồn cung cấp dược liệu để trị bệnh khá độc đáo, những nghiên cứu mới đã nhằm vào khả năng trị ung thư của cây.

I/ Tên khoa học và các tên thông thường:

Garcinia mangostana thuộc họ thực vật Clusiaceae (Guttifereae)

Các tên gọi khác: Mangosteen (Anh-Mỹ), Mangoustan (Pháp), Sơn Trúc Tử (Trung Hoa), Mangkhut (Thái lan)

Giống Garcinia được đặt tên để ghi nhớ nhà thực vật học Laurence Garcia, người đã sưu tập các mẫu cây cỏ và sống tại Ấn Độ vào thế kỷ 18. Mangostana và tên Anh ngữ mangosteen đều phát xuất từ tên Mã lai của cây: mangustan.

II/ Đặc tính thực vật:

Măng cụt có nguồn gốc từ Mã Lai và Indonesia, được trồng từ hàng chục thế kỷ, cây đã được Thuyền Trưởng Cook mô tả khá chi tiết từ năm 1770, và được đưa đến Sri Lanka vào năm 1800, được trồng tại Anh trong các nhà kiếng (green house) từ 1855, sau đó đưa đến West Indies từ giữa thế kỷ 19. Đây là một loại cây đòi hỏi điều kiện thổ nhưỡng khắt khe cần khí hậu nóng và ẩm, cây tăng trưởng rất chậm, sau 2-3 năm cây chỉ cao đến đầu gối, chỉ bắt đầu cho quả sau 10-15 năm.. Cây đã được các nhà truyền giáo du nhập vào Nam Việt Nam từ lâu, trồng nhiều nhất tại Lái Thiêu, Thủ Dầu Một. Việt Nam đã có lúc là nơi có những vườn măng cụt lớn nhất thế giới, với những vườn rộng hàng chục mẫu, có hàng ngàn cây, mỗi cây cho được từ 700 đến 900 quả. Cây hiện được trồng nhiều tại Thái Lan, Kampuchea, Myanmar (Miến điện), Sri Lanka và Philippines.

Hiện có khoảng 100 loài khác nhau được nuôi trồng.

Măng cụt thuộc loại cây to, trung bình 7-12 m nhưng có thể cao đến 20- 25 m, thân có vỏ màu nâu đen xậm, có nhựa (resin) màu vàng. Lá dày và cứng, bóng, mọc đối, mặt trên của lá có màu xậm hơn mặt dưới, hình thuôn dài 15-25 cm, rộng 6-11 cm, cuống dài 1.2-2.5 cm. Hoa đa tính thường là hoa cái và hoa lưỡng tính. Hoa mọc đơn độc hay từng đôi. Hoa loại lưỡng tính màu trắng hay hồng nhạt, có 4 lá đài và 4 cánh hoa, có 16-17 nhị và bầu noãn có 5-8 ô. Quả hình cầu tròn, đường kính chừng 4-7 cm, có mang đài hoa còn tồn tại; vỏ quả màu đỏ nâu, dai và xốp. Quả chứa 5-8 hạt: quanh hạt có lớp áo bọc màu trắng có vị ngọt, thơm và khá ngon. Cây trổ hoa vào tháng 2-5, ra quả trong các tháng 5-8.
(giống Garcinia còn gồm một số cây tương cận, đa số mọc trong vùng Đông Ấn = West Indies, trong đó có thể kể Garcinia cambogia hay Bứa, Garcinia cowa cung cấp quả Cowa-Mangosteen lớn hơn và có khía màu vàng apricot, vị chua; Garcinia indica hay Cocum = Conca cho quả chua, áo hạt màu tím, dùng làm giấm, hạt ép lấy dầu.)

III/ Thành phần dinh dưỡng:

100 gram phần ăn được (quả tươi) chứa
- Calories 60-63
- Chất đạm 0.5-0.60 g
- Chất béo 0.1-0.60 g
- Chất carbohydrates 10-14.7 g
- Chất sơ 5.0-5.10 g
- Calcium 0.01- 8 mg
- Sắt 0.20- 0.80 mg
- Phosphorus 0.02- 12.0 mg
- Thiamine (B1) 0.03 mg
- Vitamin C 1-2 mg
(ngoài ra còn có Potassium, Niacin…)

Quả măng cụt thường được ăn tươi, khía quanh quả, bẻ đôi theo đường khía, để ăn các múi trắng, bỏ hột trong, có vị ngọt, mọng nước. Tại đảo Sulu có giống măng cụt vị hơi chua, được dùng làm mứt trộn với đường thô. Tại Mã Lai, quả chưa chín hẳn được dùng làm mứt halwa manggis.

Măng cụt rất mau hư, có thể giữ 2-3 ngày ở nhiệt độ bình thường, khoảng 1 tuần trong tủ lạnh nhưng không thể giữ trong tủ đông lạnh (freezer)

IV/ Thành phần hóa học:

Thành phần hóa học thay đổi tùy theo bộ phận:
- Lá chứa nhiều xanthones loại di và tri hydroxy-methoxy (methyl, butyl…)
- Gỗ thân có maclurin, 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy xanthone và xanthone-glucosides.
- Vỏ quả: có chrysanthemin, tannins (7-13 %), các hợp chất đắng loại xanthones như mangostin (gồm cả 3-isomangostin, 3-isomangostin hydrate, 1-iso mangostin, alpha và beta mangostin, gamma-mangostin, nor-mangostin…), garcinones A, B, C; kolanone; các xanthones như BR-xanthone-A, -B.
- Áo hạt: calabaxanthone, demethyl calabaxanthone, mangostin.
- Nhựa: chứa xanthones có những hoạt tính kháng sinh, chống sưng và kháng nấm, đặc biệt là một hợp chất loại biphenyl geranylated (Natural Products Tháng 4-2005)

V/ Dược tính:

1- Y dược dân gian:

- Tại Thái Lan: Vỏ măng cụt khô được dùng để trị tiêu chảy, chữa vết thương. Để trị tiêu chảy, vỏ khô được nấu với nước vôi, chắt lấy nước để uống.

- Tại Việt Nam: Vỏ quả được sắc dùng uống để trị tiêu chảy, kiết lỵ; Nước sắc được dùng để rửa vệ sinh phụ nữ.

- Tại Ấn Độ: Cây được gọi là mangustan, vỏ để trị tiêu chảy. Lá nấu để xúc miệng, trị lở trong miệng.

2- Các nghiên cứu dược học về măng cụt: (theo Thai Medicinal Plants)

- Tác dụng ức nén hệ thần kinh trung ương: Mangostin, một hợp chất loại xanthone và các chất chuyển hóa tạo ra nhưng phản ứng ức chế thần kinh trung ương gây các triệu chứng như sụp mi mắt (ptosis), dịu đau, giảm hoạt động của thần kinh vận động, tăng cường hoạt tính gây ngủ và gây mê của pentobarbital.

- Tác dụng trên hệ tim mạch: Mangostin-3, 6-di-O-glucoside tạo ra các hiệu ứng rõ rệt trên hệ tim mạch của ếch và chó: Gây kích thích cơ tim, tăng huyết áp nơi thú vật thử nghiệm. Cả hai tác dụng này đều bị ức chế một phần bởi propranolol.

- Tác dụng chống sưng, viêm: Mangostin, 1-isomanfostin và mangos tin triacetate có những hoạt tính chống sưng khi dùng chích qua màng phúc mô hay khi cho uống nơi chuột bị gây phù chân bằng carrageenan, hay bằng cấy cục bông gòn dưới da..Các chất này không có hiệu ứng ổn định màng tế bào. Các hoạt tính chống viêm này được giải thích là do ở ức chế hoạt động của men IKK (inhibitor kappaB kinase) do đó ngăn được sự chuyển mã (transcription) gen COX-2 và gây giảm bài tiết PGE(2) là tác nhân chính trong tiến trình gây sưng. (Molecular Pharmacology Tháng 9-2004). Gamma-mangostin, một xanthone loại tetraoxygenated diprenylated, có hoạt tính ức chế tương tranh hoạt động của cả COX-1 lẫn COX-2 ở liều IC50=0.8 và 2 micro M (Biochemistry Pharmacology Tháng 1/2002)

- Tác dụng chống ung loét bao tử: Mangostin có hoạt tính chống ung loét khi thử trên chuột.

- Hoạt tính kháng sinh: Có nhiều nghiên cứu ghi nhận khả năng kháng sinh của vỏ măng cụt. Các vi khuẩn thử nghiệm thuộc nhóm gây kiết lỵ như shigella dysenteriae, sh. flexneri, sh. sonnei và sh. boydii hoặc thuộc nhóm gây tiêu chảy như escherichia coli, streptococcus feacalis, vibryo cholerae. Hỗn hợp thô 5 loại xanthones, trích từ vỏ măng cụt (mangostin, beta-mangostin, gamma-mangostin, gartanin và 8-deoxygartanin) có tác dụng ức chế sự tăng trưởng của s.aureus.

Mangostin ức chế S. aureus (cả chủng bình thường lẫn chủng kháng penicillin ở nồng độ tối thiểu (MIC=Minimal inhibitory concentration là 7.8 mg/ml. Alpha, beta-mangostin và Garcinone B có tác dụng ức chế sự tăng trưởng của Mycobacterium tuberculosis ở nồng độ MIC= 6.25 mcg/ml. Dịch chiết vỏ măng cụt bằng ethanol có tiềm năng ức chế được protease của HIV-1. Hoạt tính này được xác định là do mangostin (IC50=5.12 +/- 0.41 microM) và gamma-mangostin (IC50= 4.81 +/- 0.32 microM) (Planta Medica Tháng 8-1996)

- Hoạt tính kháng nấm: Mangostin kháng được trichophyton menta grophytes, microsporum gypseum và epidermophyton floccosum ở nồng độ 1 mg/ml nhưng không tác dụng trên candida albicans. Nghiên cứu tại Trung Tâm Nghiên Cứu Nông Nghiệp Madras (Ấn độ) ghi nhận xanthones trích từ vỏ măng cụt có hoạt tính chống các loại nấm gây bệnh fusarium oxysporum vasinfectum, alternaria tenuis và dreschlera oryzae.

- Tác dụng diệt cá: Dịch chiết bằng nước vỏ măng cụt cho thấy có tác dụng diệt cá rô phi (Tilapia = Oreochromis niloticus) ở nồng độ 1,000 ppm.

- Hoạt tính chống ung thư: Có khá nhiều nghiên cứu về tác dụng của các xanthone trích từ vỏ măng cụt trên các tế bào ung thư:

- Nghiên cứu tại Veterans General Hospital, Đài Bắc (Trung Hoa Dân quốc) ghi nhận Garcinone E, một chất chuyển hóa xanthone trích từ vỏ măng cụt có hoạt tính diệt bào trên tế bào ung thư gan loại hepatocellular carcinomas, ung thư ruột và ung thư phổi (Planta Medica Số 11-2002).

- Nghiên cứu tại Bộ môn Sinh học về Dược Phân tử tại ĐH Dược Tohoku (Nhật) ghi nhận các xanthones trong vỏ măng cụt một số hoạt tính gây apoptosis (tiến trình tế bào được mã hóa để tự hủy diệt) trên các tế bào ung thư loại pheochromocytoma nơi chuột: Alpha-mangostin được cho là có khả năng ức chế được men Ca(2+)-ATPase là men gây ra apoptosis qua các lộ trình nơi mitochondria (Journal of Pharmacology Sciences (Tháng 5/2004)

- Nghiên cứu tại Bộ Môn Vi trùng Học, ĐH Dược Khoa, Viện ĐH Mahidol (Bangkok-Thai Lan) cho thấy dịch chiết vỏ măng cụt bằng methanol có hoạt tính khá mạnh ngăn chặn được sự phát triển, có tiềm lực oxy hóa mạnh, và gây apoptosis nơi tế bào ung thư vú của người (loại SKBR3) (Jourmnal of Ethnopharmacology Tháng 1/2004)

- Nghiên cứu tại Trường Y Khoa, ĐH Ryukyus (Okinawa-Nhật) cho thấy alpha-mangostin thô có tiềm lực ức chế được sự tăng trưởng, phát triển của các tế bào ung thư ruột loại ‘preneoplastic’ nơi chuột thử nghiệm (Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Tháng 10/2004)

- Nghiên cứu tại Viện Kỹ thuật Sinh Học Gifu (Nhật) ghi nhận càc xanthone trích từ vỏ măng cụt, nhất là alpha-mangostin, có tác dụng ức chế được sự tăng trưởng của tế bào ung thư máu nơi người (dòng tế bào ung thư HL60). Liều ức chế hoàn toàn là 10 microM (Journal of Natural Products Tháng 8/2003)

Tài liệu sử dụng:
•Thai Medicinal Plants (Norman Farnsworth & Nunthavan Buniapra phatsara).
•Từ điển Cây thuốc Việ Nam (Võ văn Chi)
•Whole Foods Companion (Dianne Onstad)
•The Oxford Companion to Food (Alain Davidson)

**** QUY TRÌNH, KỶ THUẬT TRỒNG VÀ CHĂM SÓC VÀ THU HOẠCH CÂY MĂNG CỤT
www.skhcn.vinhlong.gov.vn/Default.aspx?tabid=143&ctl=…

**** KỶ THUẬT TRỒNG CÂY MĂNG CỤT :
hoinongdan.cantho.gov.vn/?tabid=138&ndid=52&key=

**** www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/dongy/show_target.plx?url=/thuocdongy/…

___________________________________________________________

**** www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/mangosteen.html

One of the most praised of tropical fruits, and certainly the most esteemed fruit in the family Guttiferae, the mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L., is almost universally known or heard of by this name. There are numerous variations in nomenclature: among Spanish-speaking people, it is called mangostan; to the French, it is mangostanier, mangoustanier, mangouste or mangostier; in Portuguese, it is mangostao, mangosta or mangusta; in Dutch, it is manggis or manggistan; in Vietnamese, mang cut; in Malaya, it may be referred to in any of these languages or by the local terms, mesetor, semetah, or sementah; in the Philippines, it is mangis or mangostan. Throughout the Malay Archipelago, there are many different spellings of names similar to most of the above.

Plate XLI: MANGOSTEEN, Garcinia mangostana—Painted by Dr. M.J. Dijkman Description

The mangosteen tree is very slow-growing, erect, with a pyramidal crown; attains 20 to 82 ft (6-25 m) in height, has dark-brown or nearly black, flaking bark, the inner bark containing much yellow, gummy, bitter latex. The evergreen, opposite, short-stalked leaves are ovate-oblong or elliptic, leathery and thick, dark-green, slightly glossy above, yellowish-green and dull beneath; 3 1/2 to 10 in (9-25 cm) long, 1 3/4 to 4 in (4.5-10 cm) wide, with conspicuous, pale midrib. New leaves are rosy. Flowers, 1 1/2 to 2 in (4-5 cm) wide and fleshy, may be male or hermaphrodite on the same tree. The former are in clusters of 3-9 at the branch tips; there are 4 sepals and 4 ovate, thick, fleshy petals, green with red spots on the outside, yellowish-red inside, and many stamens though the aborted anthers bear no pollen. The hermaphrodite are borne singly or in pairs at the tips of young branchlets; their petals may be yellowish-green edged with red or mostly red, and are quickly shed.

The fruit, capped by the prominent calyx at the stem end and with 4 to 8 triangular, flat remnants of the stigma in a rosette at the apex, is round, dark-purple to red-purple and smooth externally; 1 1/3 to 3 in (3.4-7.5 cm) in diameter. The rind is 1/4 to 3/8 in (6-10 mm) thick, red in cross-section, purplish-white on the inside. It contains bitter yellow latex and a purple, staining juice. There are 4 to 8 triangular segments of snow-white, juicy, soft flesh (actually the arils of the seeds). The fruit may be seedless or have 1 to 5 fully developed seeds, ovoid-oblong, somewhat flattened, 1 in (2.5 cm) long and 5/8 in (1.6 cm) wide, that cling to the flesh. The flesh is slightly acid and mild to distinctly acid in flavor and is acclaimed as exquisitely luscious and delicious.

Origin and Distribution

The place of origin of the mangosteen is unknown but is believed to be the Sunda Islands and the Moluccas; still, there are wild trees in the forests of Kemaman, Malaya. Corner suggests that the tree may have been first domesticated in Thailand, or Burma. It is much cultivated in Thailand–where there were 9,700 acres (4,000 ha) in 1965–also in Kampuchea, southern Vietnam and Burma, throughout Malaya and Singapore. The tree was planted in Ceylon about 1800 and in India in 1881. There it succeeds in 4 limited areas–the Nilgiri Hills, the Tinnevelly district of southern Madras, the Kanya-kumani district at the southernmost tip of the Madras peninsula, and in Kerala State in southwestern India. The tree is fairly common only in the provinces of Mindanao and Sulu (or Jolo) in the Philippines. It is rare in Queensland, where it has been tried many times since 1854, and poorly represented in tropical Africa (Zanzibar, Ghana, Gabon and Liberia). There were fruiting trees in greenhouses in England in 1855. The mangosteen was introduced into Trinidad from the Royal Botanic Garden at Kew, England, between 1850 and 1860 and the first fruit was borne in 1875. It reached the Panama Canal Zone and Puerto Rico in 1903 but there are only a few trees in these areas, in Jamaica, Dominica and Cuba, and some scattered around other parts of the West Indies. The United States Department of Agriculture received seeds from Java in 1906 (S.P.I. #17146). A large test block of productive trees has been maintained at the Lancetilla Experimental Station at Tela, Honduras, for many years. Quite a few trees distributed by the United Fruit Company long ago have done well on the Atlantic coast of Guatemala. In 1924, Dr. Wilson Popenoe saw the mangosteen growing at one site in Ecuador. In 1939, 15,000 seeds were distributed by the Canal Zone Experiment Gardens to many areas of tropical America. It is probable that only a relatively few seedlings survived. It is known that many die during the first year. Dr. Victor Patiño has observed flourishing mangosteen trees at the site of an old mining settlement in Mariquita, Colombia, in the Magdalena Valley and the fruits are sold on local markets. Dierberger Agricola Ltda., of Sao Paulo, included the mangosteen in their nursery catalog in 1949.

Despite early trials in Hawaii, the tree has not become well acclimatized and is still rare in those islands. Neither has it been successful in California. It encounters very unfavorable soil and climate in Florida. Some plants have been grown for a time in containers in greenhouses. One tree in a very protected coastal location and special soil lived to produce a single fruit and then succumbed to winter cold.

Despite the oft-repeated Old World enthusiasm for this fruit, it is not always viewed as worth the trouble to produce. In Jamaica, it is regarded as nice but overrated; not comparable to a good field-ripe pineapple or a choice mango.

Varieties

According to Corner, the fruit from seedling trees is fairly uniform; only one distinct variation is known and that is in the Sulu Islands. The fruit is larger, the rind thicker than normal, and the flesh more acid; the flavor more pronounced. In North Borneo, a seemingly wild form has only 4 carpels, each containing a fully-developed seed, and this is probably not unique.

Climate

The mangosteen is ultra-tropical. It cannot tolerate temperatures below 40º F (4.44º C), nor above 100º F (37.78º C). Nursery seedlings are killed at 45º F (7.22º C).

It is limited in Malaya to elevations below 1,500 ft (450 m). In Madras it grows from 250 to 5,000 ft (76-1,500 m) above sea-level. Attempts to establish it north of 200 latitude have all failed.

It ordinarily requires high atmospheric humidity and an annual rainfall of at least 50 in (127 cm), and no long periods of drought. In Dominica, mangosteens growing in an area having 80 in (200 cm) of rain yearly required special care, but those in another locality with 105 in (255 cm) and soil with better moisture- holding capacity, flourished.

Soil

The tree is not adapted to limestone and does best in deep, rich organic soil, especially sandy loam or laterite. In India, the most productive specimens are on clay containing much coarse material and a little silt. Sandy alluvial soils are unsuitable and sand low in humus contributes to low yields. The tree needs good drainage and the water table ought to be about 6 ft (1.8 m) below ground level. However, in the Canal Zone, productive mangosteen groves have been established where it is too wet for other fruit trees–in swamps requiring drainage ditches between rows and in situations where the roots were bathed with flowing water most of the year, in spite of the fact that standing water in nursery beds will kill seedlings. The mangosteen must be sheltered from strong winds and salt spray, as well as saline soil or water.

Propagation

Technically, the so-called "seeds" are not true seeds but adventitious embryos, or hypocotyl tubercles, inasmuch as there has been no sexual fertilization. When growth begins, a shoot emerges from one end of the seed and a root from the other end. But this root is short-lived and is replaced by roots which develop at the base of the shoot. The process of reproduction being vegetative, there is naturally little variation in the resulting trees and their fruits. Some of the seeds are polyembryonic, producing more than one shoot. The individual nucellar embryos can be separated, if desired, before planting.

Inasmuch as the percentage of germination is directly related to the weight of the seed, only plump, fully developed seeds should be chosen for planting. Even these will lose viability in 5 days after removal from the fruit, though they are viable for 3 to 5 weeks in the fruit. Seeds packed in lightly dampened peat moss, sphagnum moss or coconut fiber in airtight containers have remained viable for 3 months. Only 22% germination has been realized in seeds packed in ground charcoal for 15 days. Soaking in water for 24 hours expedites and enhances the rate of germination. Generally, sprouting occurs in 20 to 22 days and is complete in 43 days.

Because of the long, delicate taproot and poor lateral root development, transplanting is notoriously difficult. It must not be attempted after the plants reach 2 ft (60 cm). At that time the depth of the taproot may exceed that height. There is greater seedling survival if seeds are planted directly in the nursery row than if first grown in containers and then transplanted to the nursery. The nursery soil should be 3 ft (1 m) deep, at least. The young plants take 2 years or more to reach a height of 12 in (30 cm), when they can be taken up with a deep ball of earth and set out. Fruiting may take place in 7 to 9 years from planting but usually not for 10 or even 20 years.

Conventional vegetative propagation of the mangosteen is difficult. Various methods of grafting have failed. Cuttings and air-layers, with or without growth-promoting chemicals, usually fail to root or result in deformed, short-lived plants. Inarching on different rootstocks has appeared promising at first but later incompatibility has been evident with all except G. xanthochymus Hook. f. (G tinctoria Dunn.) or G. lateriflora Bl., now commonly employed in the Philippines.

In Florida, approach-grafting has succeeded only by planting a seed of G. xanthochymus about 1 1/4 in (3 cm) from the base of a mangosteen seedling in a container and, when the stem of the G. xanthochymus seedling has become 1/8 in (3 mm) thick, joining it onto the 3/16 to 1/4 in (5-6 mm) thick stem of the mangosteen at a point about 4 in (10 cm) above the soil. When the graft has healed, the G. xanthochymus seedling is beheaded. The mangosteen will make good progress having both root systems to grow on, while the G. xanthochymus rootstock will develop very little.

Culture

A spacing of 35 to 40 ft (10.7-12 m) is recommended. Planting is preferably done at the beginning of the rainy season. Pits 4 x 4 x 4 1/2 ft (1.2 x l.2 x l.3 m) are prepared at least 30 days in advance, enriched with organic matter and topsoil and left to weather. The young tree is put in place very carefully so as not to injure the root and given a heavy watering. Partial shading with palm fronds or by other means should be maintained for 3 to 5 years. Indian growers give each tree regular feeding with well-rotted manure–100 to 200 lbs (45-90 kg)–and peanut meal–10 to 15 lbs (4.5-6.8 kg) total, per year.

Some of the most fruitful mangosteen trees are growing on the banks of streams, lakes, ponds or canals where the roots are almost constantly wet. However, dry weather just before blooming time and during flowering induces a good fruit-set. Where a moist planting site is not available, irrigation ditches should be dug to make it possible to maintain an adequate water supply and the trees are irrigated almost daily during the dry season.

In Malaya and Ceylon, it is a common practice to spread a mulch of coconut husks or fronds to retain moisture. A 16-in (40-cm) mulch of grass restored trees that had begun dehydrating in Liberia. It has been suggested that small inner branches be pruned from old, unproductive trees to stimulate bearing. In Thailand, the tree is said to take 12 to 20 years to fruit. In Panama and Puerto Rico trees grown from large seed and given good culture have borne in six years.

Season and Harvesting

At low altitudes in Ceylon the fruit ripens from May to July; at higher elevations, in July and August or August and September. In India, there are 2 distinct fruiting seasons, one in the monsoon period (July-October) and another from April through June. Puerto Rican trees in full sun fruit in July and August; shaded trees, in November and December.

Cropping is irregular and the yield varies from tree to tree and from season to season. The first crop may be 200 to 300 fruits. Average yield of a full-grown tree is about 500 fruits. The yield steadily increases up to the 30th year of bearing when crops of 1,000 to 2,000 fruits may be obtained. In Madras, individual trees between the ages of 20 and 45 years have borne 2,000 to 3,000 fruits. Productivity gradually declines thereafter, though the tree will still be fruiting at 100 years of age.

Ripeness is gauged by the full development of color and slight softening. Picking may be done when the fruits are slightly underripe but they must be fully mature (developed) or they will not ripen after picking. The fruits must be harvested by hand from ladders or by means of a cutting pole and not be allowed to fall.

Keeping Quality

In dry, warm, closed storage, mangosteens can be held 20 to 25 days. Longer periods cause the outer skin to toughen and the rind to become rubbery; later, the rind hardens and becomes difficult to open and the flesh turns dry.

Ripe mangosteens keep well for 3 to 4 weeks in storage at 40º to 55º F (4.44º-12.78º C). Trials in India have shown that optimum conditions for cold storage are temperatures of 39º to 42º F (3.89º-5.56º C) and relative humidity of 85 to 90%, which maintain quality for 49 days. It is recommended that the fruits be wrapped in tissue paper and packed 25-to-the-box in light wooden crates with excelsior padding. Fruits picked slightly unripe have been shipped from Burma to the United Kingdom at 50º to 55º F (10º-12.78º C). From 1927 to 1929, trial shipments were made from Java to Holland at 37.4º F (approximately 2.38º C) and the fruits kept in good condition for 24 days.

Pests and Diseases

Few pests have been reported. A leaf-eating caterpillar in India may perhaps be the same as that which attacks new shoots in the Philippines and which has been identified as Orgyra sp. of the tussock moth family, Lymantridae. A small ant, Myrnelachista ramulorum, in Puerto Rico, colonizes the tree, tunnels into the trunk and branches, and damages the new growth. Mites sometimes deface the fruits with small bites and scratches. Fully ripe fruits are attacked by monkeys, bats and rats in Asia.

In Puerto Rico, thread blight caused by the fungus, Pellicularia koleroga, is often seen on branchlets, foliage and fruits of trees in shaded, humid areas. The fruits may become coated with webbing and ruined. In Malaya, the fungus, Zignoella garcineae, gives rise to "canker"–tuberous growths on the branches, causing a fatal dying-back of foliage, branches and eventually the entire tree. Breakdown in storage is caused by the fungi Diplodia gossypina, Pestalotia sp., Phomopsis sp., Gloeosporium sp., and Rhizopus nigricans.

A major physiological problem called "gamboge" is evidenced by the oozing of latex onto the outer surface of the fruits and on the branches during periods of heavy and continuous rains. It does not affect eating quality. Fruit-cracking may occur because of excessive absorption of moisture. In cracked fruits the flesh will be swollen and mushy. Bruising caused by the force of storms may be an important factor in both of these abnormalities. Fruits exposed to strong sun may also exude latex. Mangosteens produced in Honduras often have crystal-like "stones" in the flesh and they may render the fruit completely inedible.

Food Uses

To select the best table fruits, choose those with the highest number of stigma lobes at the apex, for these have the highest number of fleshy segments and accordingly the fewest seeds. The numbers always correspond. Mangosteens are usually eaten fresh as dessert. One need only hold the fruit with the stem-end downward, take a sharp knife and cut around the middle completely through the rind, and lift off the top half, which leaves the fleshy segments exposed in the colorful "cup"–the bottom half of the rind. The segments are lifted out by fork.

The fleshy segments are sometimes canned, but they are said to lose their delicate flavor in canning, especially if pasteurized for as much as 10 minutes. Tests have shown that it is best to use a 40% sirup and sterilize for only 5 minutes. The more acid fruits are best for preserving. To make jam, in Malaya, seedless segments are boiled with an equal amount of sugar and a few cloves for 15 to 20 minutes and then put into glass jars. In the Philippines, a preserve is made by simply boiling the segments in brown sugar, and the seeds may be included to enrich the flavor.

The seeds are sometimes eaten alone after boiling or roasting.

The rind is rich in pectin. After treatment with 6% sodium chloride to eliminate astringency, the rind is made into a purplish jelly.

Food Value Per 100 g of Edible Portion*
Calories60-63
Moisture80.2-84.9 g
Protein0.50-0.60 g
Fat0.1-0.6 g
Total Carbohydrates14.3-15.6 g
Total Sugars16.42-16.82 g
(sucrose, glucose and fructose)
Fiber5.0-5.1 g
Ash0.2-0.23 g
Calcium0.01-8.0 mg
Phosphorus0.02-12.0 mg
Iron0.20-0.80 mg
Thiamine0.03 mg
Ascorbic Acid1.0-2.0 mg
*Minimum/maximum values from analyses made in the Philippines and Washington, D.C.

Phytin (an organic phosphorus compound) constitutes up to 0.68% on a dry-weight basis. The flesh amounts to 31% of the whole fruit.

Other Uses

Mangosteen twigs are used as chewsticks in Ghana. The fruit rind contains 7 to 14% catechin tannin and rosin, and is used for tanning leather in China. It also yields a black dye.

Wood: In Thailand, all non-bearing trees are felled, so the wood is available but usually only in small dimensions. It is dark-brown, heavy, almost sinks in water, and is moderately durable. It has been used to make handles for spears, also rice pounders, and is employed in construction and cabinetwork.

Medicinal Uses: Dried fruits are shipped from Singapore to Calcutta and to China for medicinal use. The sliced and dried rind is powdered and administered to overcome dysentery. Made into an ointment, it is applied on eczema and other skin disorders. The rind decoction is taken to relieve diarrhea and cystitis, gonorrhea and gleet and is applied externally as an astringent lotion. A portion of the rind is steeped in water overnight and the infusion given as a remedy for chronic diarrhea in adults and children. Filipinos employ a decoction of the leaves and bark as a febrifuge and to treat thrush, diarrhea, dysentery and urinary disorders. In Malaya, an infusion of the leaves, combined with unripe banana and a little benzoin is applied to the wound of circumcision. A root decoction is taken to regulate menstruation. A bark extract called "amibiasine", has been marketed for the treatment of amoebic dysentery.

The rind of partially ripe fruits yields a polyhydroxy-xanthone derivative termed mangostin, also ß-mangostin. That of fully ripe fruits contains the xanthones, gartanin, 8-disoxygartanin, and normangostin. A derivative of mangostin, mangostin-e, 6-di-O-glucoside, is a central nervous system depressant and causes a rise in blood pressure.

**** www.stuartxchange.org/Mangosteen.html
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_mangosteen
www.tropilab.com/gar-man.html
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18725264

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Greece's greatest luxury hotels and villas
Boutique Hotel Hoi An
Yet another choice is the “hotel within a hotel”, as exemplified by the Amathus Elite Suites on Rhodes, wherever guests can get pleasure from privacy mixed with 5-star-hotel solutions. Irrespective of recent Greek troubles, boutique hotels carry on to expand.

Prime five Star Hotels in Vietnam

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Vietnam Heritage Travel would like to suggest Best five star hotels in Vietnam for your

1. Sheraton West Lake Hotel Hanoi
Near to the bustle and excitement of the city, Sheraton Hanoi Hotel is surrounded by lush gardens, sweeping lawns, and tranquil courtyards. This peaceful oasis functions picturesque views of West Lake and is less than ten minutes from downtown Hanoi.
Truly a “resort inside of the city,” our hotel provides the perfect stability between tranquility and convenience. Take in panoramic views of Hanoi’s greatest lake and appreciate excellent comforts in our 299 spacious guest rooms and suites, specially created to support you loosen up. With our signature Sheraton Sweet Sleeper Bed, massive functioning region, writing desk and High Speed Web Entry, you may feel right at property.
Immediately after a lengthy day, collect at the internet center, our lobby web lounge designed to preserve you connected to what matters most. Clear your mind with an early morning swim or a sauna retreat at sunset. Concentrate on your entire body during a vigorous workout with 1 of our licensed personalized trainers in our state-of-the-art wellness and fitness center, or play a set of tennis on our lighted outdoor court.
Savor a fantastic meal in a single of our onsite restaurants. The Oven D’Or restaurant gives an substantial international buffet and is a excellent place to meet close friends and colleagues. Hemispheres, our signature restaurant provides an inviting ambience and revolutionary Vietnamese cuisine. For a far more intimate dining expertise, you can sit on the terrace overlooking West Lake.
Whether you happen to be seeking to plan a enterprise conference or a particular occasion, our meeting rooms offer an inviting ambiance that will inspire conversation and new concepts–from the outdoor terrace to the pillarless Song Hong Grand Ballroom. Our dedicated convention solutions team will help make your event run smoothly.
From verify-in to check-out, you are going to encounter warm and genuine hospitality and complete comfort. We appear forward to your keep with us at the Sheraton Hanoi Hotel, consecutively named “Vietnam’s Major Organization Hotel” in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 by Planet Travel Awards and one particular of the “Prime Very best Conference Hotels in Asia” in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009 by SmartTravel Asia’s Best IN TRAVEL POLL awards.

2. Imperial hotel Hue
Located in the central of Vietnam, Hue was the capital city of the last Dynasty of Vietnam. Hue is the only spot exactly where a lot of historic, cultural, architectural, artistic values are preserved. Tangible cultural heritage- the system of historic monuments and intangible cultural heritage- the Imperial court music have their personal nationwide and worldwide values that had been acknowledged as Planet Cultural Heritages. Hue is also the internet site wherever the northern and southern ecosystem meets every other, the region of river-hills, greenery and beautiful landscapes. Men and women here are popular for their elegance, mildness and ethical behavior. Hue is also acknowledged as a single of the religion centers of Vietnam with its a lot of ancient pagodas and churches. All fall in line with each other, making Hue one particular the top tourism centers of Vietnam.
The Imperial is the first international 5 star hotel in Hue, possessing the strategic place, on the financial institution of perfume river and walking distance to tourist attractions.
The hotel is a masterpiece on high-rise building architecture and an embodiment of Nguyen Dynasty’s architecture with the exposure of cubes, colorful patterns and restored antique supplies, producing the hotel the most luxurious in Vietnam fashion. The hotel interior is polished to best elegance, luxury and cozy. It is a combination of present day facilities and salient architecture values of the ancient capital city of Hue.
Because its operation in June 2006, the Imperial hotel has created the lasting impression on each nearby and international guests. This is not only thank to the government’s self-confidence in its attentive care for dignitaries this kind of as the Japanese Crown Prince, Mr. Nguyen Minh Triet- President of Socialist Republic of Vietnam politicians, Toyota Group President Mr. Fuji Cho, but it is also since The Imperial is a spot that has been picked to host substantial occasions at both the nationwide and international degree.

three. Palm Garden Resort
Set on five hectares of landscaped tropical garden in an enviable seaside area, Palm Garden Resort provides a green surroundings with above 400 species of palm trees and plants proper along a 220-meter stretch of the popular Cua Dai Beach in the UNESCO-recognized planet heritage internet site of Hoi An Ancient City.
Hoi An’s most glamorous and indulgent retreat, Palm Garden Resort has been awarded as the Green Hotel Standard 2010-2011 by ASEAN and because 2006 during five consecutive many years for The Outstanding Functionality by Vietnam Financial Times and The Manual Magazine. The resort will take fantastic pride in serving global occasions such as APEC Summit in 2006, ASEAN Summit in 2007, Miss Universe in 2008 and Miss Earth in November 2010. This confirms its position as a single of the most luxurious and pampering locations to stay in Vietnam.

four. Sunrise Nhatrang Hotel
Sunrise Nha Trang Beach Hotel &amp Spa is the only Nha Trang Hotel constructed in colonial fashion. This 5 star Hotel is idyllically situated in the heart of Nha Trang’s Tourist district just steps away from the seaside inside of walking distance to key sightseeing, purchasing and tourist locations.
Sunrise Nha Trang has 120 sea facing balcony rooms (35-79sqm) with a gorgeous view of Nha Trang Bay which belongs to the 29 most stunning Bays in the globe. Both leisure and enterprise travelers will discover required solutions, amenities and facilities served by professional employees exceeding your expectations. We invite you to appreciate the charm and ambiance of the Hotel supplying the highest standards and customized service. We ensure that you attain the balance and harmony of East and West in our internationally acknowledged Luxury Boutique Hotel.
five. New Planet Saigon Hotel
New world Saigon hotel I one of the most impressive company hotels in Hochiminh City, conveniently found in the city center opposite the lush 23 September Park. Just 7 kilometers from tan son Nhat global airport and actions away from the bus station, the hotel in adjacent to the renowned Ben Thanh Industry and the major tourist locations of Saigon
Our Hochiminh City Hotel features 533 luxury rooms and suites offering the best ambience for both concentrated operate and undisturbed rest. Our 5 star hotel hosts tow distinctive restaurant inviting you to take pleasure in exquisitely ready Vietnamese, Japanese, Chinese cuisine or global hi-class buffets
Considering that its opening, the hotel has been a single of the premier meeting and event venues in Saigon, Hochiminh City. Our extremely seasoned and supportive events group, superb careering and first class amenities for extremely type of social or organization occasions make this hotel an exceptional option for your up coming perform, exhibition, solution launches, seminar, wedding or conference.

About the Writer

This write-up is written by Lan Nguyen, from Vietnam Heritage Travel Organization. For unique report and far more data about Vietnam Travel News, please check out
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Hoian Vietnam Tour – Lotussia Travel

Greece&#39s best luxury hotels and villas is a post from Hoi An mega travel guide - Hoi An mega travel information and tour guide to best resorts and hotels in Hoi An, Vietnam.

Nature vs nurture, the Cham dilemma
Hoi An Tourism Photos
&quotWe chose fishing households that suffered the most impacts from sea preservation efforts and supported them by sending their kids to research and function in the tourism sector in Hoi An, and designed new jobs for people who lived right here,&quot Trinh stated.

Photograph Jigsaw Puzzle of Evening shot of meals stalls, Hoi An, Vietnam, Indochina, Southeast Asia, Asia from Robert Harding

Hoi An Tourism Images – click on the picture under for much more info.

• This Picture Puzzle attributes an image chosen by Robert Harding. Estimated picture dimension 356x254mm.
• 10×14 Picture Puzzle with 252 pieces. Packed in black cardboard box of dimensions five five/eight x 7 5/eight x one 1/5. Puzzle image 5×7 affixed to box prime. Puzzle pieces printed on RA4 paper at 300 dpi
• Picture Description: Evening shot of food stalls, Hoi An, Vietnam, Indochina, Southeast Asia, Asia
• For any queries regarding this item please get in touch with Robert Harding c/o Media Storehouse quoting Media Reference 3768847
• © Michael Runkel

Hoi An Tourism Images

Photograph Puzzle, Night shot of food stalls, Hoi An, Vietnam, Indochina, Southeast Asia, Asia. Night shot of food stalls, Hoi An, Vietnam, Indochina, Southeast Asia, Asia. Selected by Robert Harding. 10×14 Photo Puzzle with 252 pieces. Packed in black cardboard box of dimensions 5 five/8 x 7 5/8 x one one/five. Puzzle image 5×7 affixed to box leading. Puzzle pieces printed on RA4 paper at 300 dpi. This item is shipped from our American lab.

Photograph Jigsaw Puzzle of Night shot of meals stalls, Hoi An, Vietnam, Indochina, Southeast Asia, Asia from Robert Harding

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“Hoi An – Tailor-Produced For Visitors” Rgreenwell630′s images about Hoi An, Vietnam (temple gate)

Preview of Rgreenwell630′s weblog at TravelPod. Read the full weblog right here: www.travelpod.com This website preview was made by TravelPod utilizing the TripAdvisor™ TripWow slideshow creator. Understand a lot more about these videos: www.travelpod.com
Hoi An Tourism Photographs Video Rating: / five

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Sandy beach Da Nang – Việt Nam Hotels Online Booking Technique V-Reserve.com

A brief 15-minute drive from Danang Global Airport lies Sandy Beach Resort. Set on 16 hectares or 32 acres of personal garden, Sandy Seashore Resort is cradled by the picturesque white sand of ‘Non Nuoc Beach’, internationally acknowledged as Danang’s “China Seaside”, conveniently positioned for excursions to Globe Heritages Internet sites in Vietnam: Hoi An Ancient Town, Hue Imperial City and My Son Holy Land.
Hoi An Hotel Danang Vietnam Video Rating: four / five

Hoi An: Tailoring the best vacation
Hoi An Hotel Danang Vietnam
It's a taste of old Vietnam with men and women strolling down the middle of streets as motor cycles weave slowly in between them. Don't try this amid the frenzied bustle of Ho Chi Minh City and Hanoi (or even in nearby Da Nang). A word about tailoring (for both …

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What you must consider Vietnamese food even though visiting Hoian

Early in the morning, the cries of various food vendors drift along the narrow streets of Hoi An, a quaint, riverside town in central Vietnam. Strolling past old-fashioned, tile – roofed homes in the grey light of dawn, the vendors call out gives for rice pancakes, square sticky rice cakes, steamed sticky rice, rice pride and a quantity of other breakfast favorites. At the sun rises the town’s restaurants start off to open, the smells of steaming vermicelli, curries, and soups floating by way of the streets and causing my stomach to rumble.

At noon, locals and tourists alike settle down to bowls of Quang noodles, dumplings, nation pancakes, and other neighborhood specialties. The side-walks crowd with modest table set with tiny dishes of fish sauce, vine-gar, and lemon wedges, my companion and I walk by means of the narrow streets, our mouths watering.

At final we discover what we’re searching for: an old restaurant teeming with cus-town’s famed Quang noodle soup.

The noodles are created of rice flour and float in a clear broth among bits of shrimp and pork. The broth tastes sweet and pure. Named Quang noodles, this dish comes from Quang Nam province. We add sprigs of fresh basil, coriander, onion, and let-truce grown in Tra Que to the northeast of Hoi An. The shopkeeper tells us those herbs and vegetables grown in this area have a hot, acrid, and bitter sweet taste that complements the broth completely.

The very best-specialty of Hoi An is a dish known as Cao Lau that is made up of port and scraps of pork crackling. The handmade noodles are tasty, the dish rich and filling.

Long ago, the very best-known spots to eat Cao Lau were two restaurants owned by two males named Canh and Nam Co. Because many men and women in Hoi An area in the habit of consuming late at night, a quantity of food stores and meals vendors only begin serving at midnight. Pho noodle soup, rice gruel with duck, boiled duck eggs, sweet green bean soup, and sweet black sesame soup are all popular as late-night snacks. Since residents know the peddlers’ routines, they often sit outside their front doors and wait for them to pass by with their favorite dishes.

While in Hoi An I grew to adore the Vac cakes served at the Vinh Hung restaurant on Tran Phu Street. I cannot neglect the taste of those cakes, tiny white rice flour dumplings dipped in fish sauce with lemon.

Along with rice flour, Vac cakes con-taint bean sprouts, shrimp, bamboo sprouts, and little pieces of pork. As the Cakes are shaped like flowers, numerous travelers refer to them as” White Rose Cakes.” They are very best eaten with fried onions and dipped in a tasty dressing produced of fish sauce, shrimp, lemon, and what ever other unique ingredients the store-keeper throws in. Some cooks add morsels of green chili to make the sauce spicier and far more colorful.

Eaten with Vac cakes, Hoang Thanh dumplings are yet another local special-ty. An elderly man informed me that these dumplings had been named by King Can Prolonged. According to his story, King Can Extended was attacked by bandits although traveling in disguise via the region. The king man-aged to escape his captors but entered a little village inn in search of a meal, but there was no meals to be located. The shopkeeper managed to locate a very little wheat flour, some shrimp and some eggs, and threw them with each other as finest he could. Hungry as he was, the king located the meal tasty. He named the dish Hoanh Thanh, which indicates “clouds swallowing the moon.”

Even though this dish seems comparable to Chinese won ton the flavor of Hoanh Thanh is distinctive. Easy to digest, the dumplings make a healthy snack or light meal. Locals frequently serve the dumpling fried till gold en brown as an appetizer. Occasionally they are smothered in tomato sauce.

Hoi An has several famous Hoanh Thanh restaurants that are worth mentioning: Mrs. Hai Hue’s restaurant close to Ong Pagoda, and Hoa Vinh restaurant, which stands in front of Ngu Bang Pagoda. An crucial trading port up to the 19th century, Hoi An when drew traders from china, Japan, the Middle East, and Europe, Perhaps the town’s cosmopolitan past explains the eclectic dishes served there nowadays. It is straightforward to imagine long-ago sailors and merchants enjoying the town’s unique “rapidly meals” snacks. Whether you hunker down at a stall in Hoi An’s bustling industry, take a seat on the balcony of an old wood-en shop house, or simply get a snack off a passing meals vendor, you are confident to enjoy this town’s distinctive culinary heritage. There’s no simpler, or far more fulfilling, way to get a sense of people’s every day lives in Hoi An than by sampling the local cuisine.

Vietnam Vacations – portion five – Hoi An

A documentary type travel video of Hoi An
Hoian Vacations Video Rating: / five

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Lễ Thượng cờ đánh dấu 200 ngày trước Thế vận hội dành cho người khuyết tật Paralympic London 2012.


Picture by UK in Vietnam
BC College students presented image they drew to wish the Paralympians very good luck. Các học sinh của Hội đồng Anh tặng tranh do các em tự vẽ để chúc các vận động viên khuyết tật may mắn trong kì Thế vận hội 2012.

anh cat ba two 055


Image by hama.muito
anh hỏi em có bao giờ – con sóng kia thôi ngừng xô

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Da Nang City to host global fireworks contest

Write-up by Joni Nguyen

An worldwide fireworks contest will be held in the central city of Da Nang from April 29-30, 2011, the city government has announced.

Four foreign teams from South Korea, China, Italy and the United Kingdom are anticipated to participate in the event.

According to the routine, the UK team (Jubilee Fireworks Company), the South Korean group (Hanwha Group) and the host Vietnam (Da Nang City’s group) will complete on the 1st evening.

The second evening will see fireworks set off by the Italian team (Parente Fireworks A&ampC SNC Group) and the Chinese group (Panda Fireworks Art Show Co. Ltd.)

Da Nang (? N?ng) is Vietnam’s third largest city, and is found on the South China Sea coast, midway among Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
The city itself has neither the atmosphere of Hanoi nor the hustle-bustle of Ho Chi Minh City, but has its share of sights, and is shut to the charms of Hoi An and the imperial capital of Hue.

How to get there

By plane
Da Nang Worldwide Airport (IATA: DAD) is the smallest of Vietnam’s 3 global airports. There are frequent flights to Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City on each Vietnam and Jetstar Pacific, as properly as restricted providers direct to Nha Trang, Buon Ma Thuot. Silk Air operates the only worldwide flights to Singapore and Siem Reap. Aside from a cash changer, airport amenities are rather minimal, despite the fact that some upgrading was done to the airport in late 2007 and early 2008. As of November 2006, international departure taxes should be incorporated in the price tag of your ticket. Compared to greater Vietnamese airports, Da Nang is a small bit laid back neighborhood travelers frequently arrive less than 30 minutes prior to their flights there are also a couple of restaurants/coffee stores opposite the terminal, which supply a lot more choice, if not lower charges, than within the departure location.
The airport is located within the city, just 3 km south-west of the center of Danang, a ten-minute trip at most. Many travelers now choose to remain in Da Nang as it is considered as a gateway to Central Vietnam Planet Heritages Websites: Hoi An (25-30 min, US$ 15) or Hue (2 hours, US$ 35), My Son (1,5 hours). The hotels and resorts in Da Nang have their very own travel desks which supply some half day or a day trip to individuals locations. The fixed-price tag taxi coupon system has regrettably disappeared and now you have to haggle with the drivers outside, who inquire silly charges but can be negotiated down to the quantities over discover a couple of other travelers to ease the pain. If going to a destination within or near to the city, ignore provides to set a value in advance and insist on use of the meter. If you arrive on a late night flight, you may encounter an unscrupulous taxi driver who has a rapidly meter, but typically there are tons of taxis and organizations like Mai Linh, Taxi Xanh, or Song Han are trustworthy keep away from Airport Taxi, specifically at night.
By train
The Reunification Express makes a halt in Da Nang. Many motorbikes and taxis are available outdoors of the station. Scheduled arrival and departure occasions are loosely followed. If you just want to get to Hue, you can also consider the ‘local’ train which is slow (about four to four and a half hours from Da Nang to Hue, with a number of stops along the way a automobile or taxi does it in two), but incredibly low-cost (25,000 dong such as a meal) and passes by means of some breathtaking coastal scenery.
By bus
Sinh Cafe, the popular bus-pass service, helps make a halt in Hoi An, a brief distance from the city. It is of a distance wherever a taxi is far better than a motorbike.
At least two other bus-pass companies make stops in Da Nang, and can be taken to both Hue or Hoi An or further in both path. Fare to Hue is $ three as of late 2007, trip takes about 3 hrs with a single refreshment stop on the way. The bus makes use of the tunnel so does not go over the breathtaking pass in between Da Nang and Hue.
A bus station serves transport to numerous cities including a couple of spots in Laos. It have dairly bus to Savannakhet,Tha Khek and Vian Tieng in morning
By boat
Sustainable Tour operator &amp vegetarian restaurant “Karma Waters” (www.karmawaters.com) 47 Cua Dai Street, Hoi An tel. 0510 3927632 operates Danang – Hoi An boat tours &amp shuttle services.

Vietnam three: Hoi An and Marble Mountain

Vietnam Adventure — Chapter 3: Hoi An and Marble Mountain From Saigon we flew to Da Nang, and from there had been met by our guide to take us by Minibus to Hoi An. Immediately after checking in at the stunning Hoi An Seaside Resort, our manual took us to the old town of Hoi An, which is listed as a World Heritage internet site. Hoi An was a key worldwide port in the 16th and 17th centuries, and the foreign influences are evident to this day. The heart of the city is still the Old Town, total of winding lanes and Chinese-styled shop-homes. It is particularly gorgeous in the evening as the sun goes down. Even though almost all outlets now cater to the tourist trade, the region has been largely preserved, which is unusual in Vietnam. Renovation here has proceeded slowly and very carefully – mercifully absent are the towering concrete buildings and karaoke parlors. Some intriguing attractions contain the Japanese Covered Bridge (Chua Cau or Lai Vien Kieu), on the west end of Tran Phu Street. The bridge was constructed in the early 1600′s by the Japanese neighborhood, roughly 40 years prior to they left the city to return to Japan under the strict policy of sakoku enforced by the Tokugawa Shogunate, and renovated in 1986. Nowadays, it’s the symbol of Hoi An. We located the Quan Cong Temple at 24 Tran Phu Street extremely fascinating, and loved a pretty trip on the Thu Bon River in a superbly decorated, ancient Swan Boat captained by the normal friendly and accommodating skipper. Willie and Katie each got to “drive” the …
Hoi An Restaurant Ho Chi Minh City Video Rating: / 5

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Slovenia is burning out … Slovenians are burning up. Slovenliness of Slovenian actuality.


Image by in search for a new country of residence
George Bernard Shaw:

Alcohol is a very necessary write-up … It tends to make lifestyle bearable to millions of individuals who could not endure their existence if they were quite sober. It permits Parliament to do issues at eleven at night that no sane individual would do at eleven in the morning.

—

Political and moral slovenliness of Slovenian actuality.

Internacionala
La Internacional in Spanish.

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Hidden elegance of islands in Vietnam

Post by Lanhvht

“Climate Change” Man Created versus Climate Cycles Each Could Be Genuine

“Climate Alter” Guy Made versus “Climate Cycles” Vietnam “Hoi An” I believe in all cultures tiny speak about the climate is a well-known subject. At the second talks about the weather has changed ‘tone’! It is much more tensed! It is about climate adjust! We have all our opinions about it and at the moment there seems to be 2 camps. The one particular who believes humans are the result in of altered weather patterns. The other camp would seem to assume it has always been there. Why not say that the two are accurate! Stick to us on: www.greenapplehoian.com www.flickr.com twitter.com
Hoi An Vietnam Climate Video Rating: 5 / five

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Hoi An offers far more than cheap dresses
Hoi An Restaurant Melbourne
Hoi An's streets teem with eateries showcasing Vietnamese and western fare. Come midday, vacationers hunch over fruit smoothies or regional beer at the town's many alfresco restaurants. Other individuals sip a type of coffee that has recently developed a cult following …

The Nymphs “It really is Been A Lengthy Time Awaiting” Reside – Sideshow Alley

The Nymphs carry out “It’s Been A Long Time Awaiting” live for www.sideshowalley.tv http ABOUT THE EPISODE Brassy, swinging sass to the electrical power of 4 ladies and gentlemen we proudly present to you The Nymphs! Battling the Melbourne wind and the rolling sounds of the close by Collins Street tram, our crew wrangled with each other on George Parade in front of iconic Melbourne restaurant, Kitchen Cat. Joining us — for the duration of a brief pay a visit to to Australia — was global director and cinematographer Philip Bloom. Also appearing as a cameo crewmember was comedian Lawrence Leung, who lent some support with digital camera in hand. We first caught sight of The Nymphs in 2010, ripping through an a cappella version of Metallica’s Enter Sandman on ABC system ‘Spicks and Specks’. These Melbourne women evoke an era of times significantly less challenging, although bringing a much more contemporary mix to the nostalgic a cappella sound. By way of various introductions, we became well acquainted with their addictive mix of soulful harmonies and WWII-era ditties. With 50s type dresses blowing in the breeze and four part harmonies a blazing, the girls carried out an unreleased track “It is Been A Long Time Awaiting”. Those familiar with our episode of ‘The Tiger and Me’ will recognise Jane Hendry, who doubles her duties across the two bands. Completing the quartet are Clare Hendry, Kel Day and Bek Chapman. The ladies have been kicking their matching heels into the hearts of audiences across the nation, including a recent string …
Hoi An Restaurant Melbourne Video Rating: four / 5

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Hoi An, The Japanese Covered Bridge and near attractions

Report by Kevin Nguyen

Vietnam tours – Destinations to visit – Hoian Ancient Town
The ancient town of Hoi An, which is 30 km south of Da Nang, lies on the banking institutions of the Thu Bon River. Hoi An was a single of the significant trading centers of Southeast Asia in the 16th century.
Hoi An was then an critical trading port for Dutch, Indian, and Japanese merchants up right up until the 17th century.
Many of the old houses and building in Hoi An reflect their influence with a trend of Japanese architecture and the most popular is The Japanese Covered Bridge
The Japanese Covered Bridge or Pagoda Bridge (in Vietnamese “Cau Nhat Ban or Cau Chua”) is a single of the most popular tourist attractions in Hoi An, Quang Nam, Vietnam. From the beginning, the Vietnamese title of this bridge is “Lai Vien Kieu”. It is considered that the Japanese Covered Bridge belongs to the Japanese neighborhood in Hoi An, and was built in the early seventeenth century.
Trip to Hoi An would not be entirely with out going to Japanese Covered bridge.
The Japanese Covered Bridge in Hoi An is a stunning instance of the Japanese architecture of the period. The Japanese Covered bridge was constructed in the 1590s by the Japanese neighborhood of Hoi An, in order to create a hyperlink with the old quarters across the stream. Over the years, the ornamentation of the bridge has remained comparatively faithful to the authentic Japanese design and style. The French flattened out the roadway to make it far more suitable for their motor autos, but the original arched form was restored for the duration of key renovation perform carried out in 1986.
The Hoi An Japanese Bridge was constructed crosses a modest canal to connect Nguyen Thi Minh Khai Street and Tran Phu Street. Art galleries and cafes line both sides of the peaceful street beyond.
Beside the attractions of the ancient town area, many close by villages are also recommended to check out, one of them is Kim Bong village.
Kim Bong carpentry village is situated at Cam Kim Hamlet. This village is quite popular for its carpentry, as practically all Hoi An ancient architecture have been created by their ancestors’ talented hands at a time when Hoi An flourished as a main sea port. Kim Bong carpenters’ strategies are ideal. Their sculptured functions on the head of scissors, slanting, desks, altars, furniture, cabinets, trays, and the like, are masterpieces admired by everyone. Today, Kim Bong carpenters nevertheless maintain their old profession, despite the fact that there have been a lot of among them who have shifted to ship building and recovering historical monument or relics. Some make wooden souvenir presents to offer to vacationers. Kim Bong Carpentry village was awarded by UNESCO for its preservation.

Vietnam Paradise Travel
Add.: No. 25, Van Bao St., Ba Dinh Dist., Hanoi, Vietnam
Tel.: (+84) four 32321961/ 62
Fax: (+84) 4 39447947
Hand telephone: (+84) 913 000 858
Site: www.ParadiseTravelVietnam.com
E-mail: sales@vietnamparadisetravel.com

Outbound tourism grows, domestic segment weaker
Hoi An Travel Internet site
The number of bookings of airborne tours to the Central and Northern locations this kind of as Hoi An, Danang and Hanoi sank by 40%. There are fewer visitors deciding on tours traveling by air given higher transportation charges. The costs of tours taking in …

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Cua Dai Seashore, Hoi An.


Picture by Yiping Lim
View On Black

Cua Dai Seaside in Hoi An. About 4km from the Old Town. We rode our bicycles there, taking benefit of the very good climate we had that day. Took us only about 15 minutes, and it was a pleasant ride to the beach.

Beach is not also negative sand is quite fine and soft, but water wasn’t crystal clear. Waves at this beach had been quite big, but the lifeguard was no in which to be noticed.

My final Hoi lang FPT 4


Picture by Tony Trần
The rain and the negative weather caused lack of men and women in the Hoi Lang FPT. Nevertheless, this is not the major cause, FPT was to big to collect all staffs in an event. FPT was not the same as FPT prior to. So I quit FPT.

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Hoi An, Vietnam


Image by txfiddlechick
Beer delivery, very critical! Tiger is from Singapore and was available everywhere we travelled. La Rue is a beer regional to Hoi An — it really is been our favorite so far, but as far as I can tell, only offered in Hoi An.

Hoi An, Vietnam (127)


Image by Luther Bailey
www.LutherBailey.blogspot.com

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Vietnam Tours: Search a Appropriate Package deal for you

Article by Sarkarijob

One particular of the most reasonably priced Global travel destinations for visitors from all corners of the world is Vietnam. A amount of national as nicely as global vacationers program Vietnam tours to take pleasure in their holiday with distinct packages provided by reputed and valued online travel companies. Do you want convenient traveling with your household and buddies? For that all you need to do is get linked with on the internet travel agents. The on the internet travel agents help you in booking airlines, buses, vehicles, coastal transport, and accommodation. Apart from a loved ones, college students, large &amp tiny groups and even business travelers also retain the services of the travel agents to make their Vietnam tours memorable and exclusive.

Vietnam tours have been regarded as the ones that take you on stunning excursions to wonderful areas you will by no means overlook. In fact, the location homes a quantity of lovely locations. In the place, you can appreciate luxurious hotel accommodations, everyday breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Danang Central is pondered as the one particular of the most renowned Vietnam tours. In the tour, you can knowledge spectacular seashores, a museum, boat trip and so on. Are you organizing for Vietnam tours? If your solution is affirmative, then you can consider both total day or half-day tours into the country. The Vietnam particular tours boast of particular unique cruises that assist in the exploration and discovery of each the northern and the southern Vietnam.

Tourist destinations of Vietnam consist of:

North of Vietnam: Ha Noi, Ha Prolonged and Sapa
Central Vietnam: Hue,Da Nang, Hoi An and Nha Trang
South of Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh Cityand Dalat

Program a Vietnam travel

Are you organizing for Vietnam travel? If your solution is positive, then you do not have far better alternative than going with reputed and esteemed on the internet travel agents. Your agents will do the 1st point is to book your tickets at these locations and make a private tour to Vietnam memorable. For your accommodation and transportation employ travel agents. Apart from these, they will even support you in understanding the language. Apart from sightseeing, vacationers can enjoy lot of other activities this kind of as Kayaking and Diving, Trekking, Seaside Break and Cruising whilst in Vietnam.

Searching reputed travel agents

To search a reputed and esteemed travel agent, all you wants to do is make on-line search by means of the web and hence you will come across a number of online agents providing the solutions at discount charges. So, do not waste your time. Just make search and uncover fruitful outcome.

Summary:

Of late, Vietnam tours have turn out to be common as the place gives a number of tourist attractions. Apart from tourist attraction, the spot offers higher top quality accommodation and meals at discount charges.

Dorman 746-158 Door Lock Actuator

Hoi An Car Hire – click on the picture below for more details.

• Direct substitute for a proper fit every time
• Higher top quality electric motor
• Sturdy construction
• Automobile attempt-on testing has been carried out on this portion to make sure difficulty-totally free performance

Hoi An Car Employ

Restore the ease and convenience of remotely locking or unlocking any a single of your vehicle’s doors with Dorman’s Door Lock Actuator Motor. The actuator returns the electrical power door lock to proper operation—and our robust plastic housing aids protect the actuator from injury, making sure year right after year of service.

Dorman 746-158 Door Lock Actuator

Click on the button for a lot more Hoi An Car Hire information and evaluations.

Rating: (out of evaluations)

List Value: $ 107.54

Price: $ 36.78

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Hotel development


Picture by Travel Aficionado
Hotel Development on the coast near Marble Mountains. All above the coast new luxury hotels among Hoi An and Danang are being constructed – just wonder exactly where all the guests are to come from. In a couple of years, there won’t be any open beach left.

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